Why do VFR aviation weather minima vary by airspace?

AirspaceCard

This is one of the better US aviation airspace depictions I’ve seen… I like the way it relates airspace definitions to what we see on the Sectional chart.

You may wonder why all those magenta airspace areas exist on aviation Sectional charts, and why we must learn different VFR weather minima for them. Well here’s the practical answer:

Where Class E drops to 700 feet AGL (magenta shading) or to the surface (magenta dashed line), instrument approach procedures are authorized, which is why the VFR weather minima are higher there, and why we must be extra vigilant when flying VFR into airports falling within magenta areas.

Now look at your Sectional chart again, and for the first time all that magenta makes sense: those are airports with instrument approaches. Better keep your eyes open when flying there!

©2015, 2022 Greg Brown

(graphic from ravepad.com / gliderbooks.com )


For more guidance on this topic, download Greg’s The Savvy Flight Instructor 2nd Edition ebook.

excellent video introduction to the new ATP rules (airline transport pilot)

fc-cover-photo-smFor all you pro and aspiring-pro pilots, here’s an excellent video explanation of the new ATP (airline transport pilot) certification and training requirements, from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

Finally, the speculation (if not the controversy) is nearly over!

Greg

“Making the Most of your Flight Instructor Team,” Greg’s AOPA webinar

sfi_stdRecently I was invited by Shannon Yeager and Brittney Miculka of AOPA’s Center to Advance the Pilot Community, to present a webinar for the professional flight training community.

View my archived 1-hour presentation, “Making the Most of your Flight Instructor Team.”

Those who’d like to learn about succeeding as a flight instructor and in the flight training business as a whole, please consider my book, The Savvy Flight Instructor, available in both print and ebook versions.

Sincerely, Greg

©2013 Gregory N. Brown

better to fly an old Cessna 150, than to sit at home reading about jets

“Why would anyone want an airplane like that?” queried my then-teenaged son about the weathered Cessna 150 parked across from us.

“Simple,” I replied, “the owner can afford to fly it anytime he wants. We see him out here all the time, right? Suppose you could have that airplane and fly all you wanted — would you take it?”

“My own airplane? Sure! I’d take it in a second!”

As we walked away, both a bit more respectful of the ancient Cessna’s owner, I pondered whether we aviators adequately educate new pilots on affordably continuing their flying adventures once training is over.

My son is certainly not alone in his desire to fly something sexy — pilots naturally lust over sleek and fast airplanes gracing airport ramps and magazine covers. But how many have realistic expectations of what they can afford? Most pilots strive for the most advanced aircraft they can imagine themselves flying, and as a result often conclude they can’t afford to fly, or financially suffer after buying beyond their means. Either way we lose them from our aviation community.

The fact is that most anyone who can manage flying lessons is within reach of owning an airplane, or part of one, anyway. Our challenge is educating pilots that the best plane for them is one they can easily afford to purchase and operate.

Among the challenges is that prospective pilots often assume they’re gonna go out and buy a new airplane like they’d buy a new car. For most people that’s dauntingly expensive for sure. But many can afford to purchase an older but still capable airplane within their budget. Look at it this way: if everyone thought they could only be a driver by owning a new Mercedes or BMW, far fewer people would drive. But most of us start with older used cars and work our way up. Better that pilots invest in a well-used steam-gauge 150 and upgrade as circumstances permit, than to buy a speedy new Cirrus before they can afford it and we lose them as pilots forever.

Part of the problem is that airplane ownership cost is far more complex than just the purchase price. Similar dollars will buy anything from a new Skyhawk to a long-in-the-tooth King Air turboprop. Novice buyers often tend toward the higher-performance end of that scale, with an eye toward faster and more glamorous travel, at “the same price.”

But operating and insurance costs for various aircraft vary across the spectrum, so given a similar budget the 172 buyer may fly all she wants at a cost she can easily afford, while the King Air owner goes broke a month after buying it. Aiming too high is why many people conclude, “I can’t afford to fly.” What they actually can’t afford is to fly beyond their means, which unfortunately is what many pilots try to do.

We need to be more creative and helpful in keeping our new pilots aloft, if we want to retain them among our ranks. That means educating them to all the options for independent flying, with the “American dream” of ownership topping the list. That’s not so tough as it sounds. A friend of mine recently sold a serviceable Cessna 152 for $18,000. Legendary flight instructor Bill Kershner did most of his teaching in 150s and 152s, and noted aviation author and speaker Rod Machado flies one for his personal airplane.

Sure, you might need to forego glass cockpits and the smell of new, but given the choice, who wouldn’t rather fly a nicely-aged 150 or Cherokee or 172, than sit at home reading about jets?

Read my related Flying Carpet column, “Affordable Adventure,” about Cessna 150 owner Matt Peacock. (Costs aren’t current, but the savings points are still the same.)

Finally, a few words about the current used-aircraft market. (2023) Used aircraft prices have risen rapidly over the past few years. At the heart of the problem is diminishing numbers of airplanes manufactured. When I learned to fly in the early 1970s, manufacturers were producing some 18,000 light airplanes per year. Cessna built no light airplanes from 1983-1998 due to liability insurance costs, and since then only a few hundred light airplanes are produced per year. So all those old airplanes are getting used up, driving up the costs. Add in the current huge demand for training aircraft from pilot-training outfits, and it’s a mess.

More encouraging is that those who buy and properly maintain a good used airplane in today’s market will almost certainly get back their initial investment plus appreciation, when time comes to sell. So at least airplanes are not depreciating investments like cars and other vehicles. Also, smaller light aircraft such as the Cessna 150 and Cherokee 140 remain relatively affordable because they’re no longer popular for flight training due to limited useful load. If such aircraft fit your load and mission requirements, they can be a more affordable ownership option than more currently-popular models.

Photo: Legendary flight instructor Bill Kershner’s Cessna 152 Aerobat, on display in the National Air & Space Museum.

PS: A great place to begin investigating used aircraft models is via Aviation Consumer. (~$70 per year.) Subscribers can instantly download their thorough and unbiased used-airplane reports covering virtually all ages and models at no additional charge, including breakdown of features and design changes by year of manufacture.

©2011, 2017, 2023 Gregory N. Brown


If you enjoyed this story, you’ll love Greg’s book, Flying Carpet: The Soul of an Airplane. Autographed copies available!

“Social Networking in Aviation” video discussion panel

I had the pleasure of participating in a “Social Networking in Aviation” video panel last month at AOPA Summit in Long Beach, hosted by Rod Rakic of the MyTransponder aviation networking site. Others on the panel included Lynda Meeks of Girls With Wings and recent CFIs of the Year, Max Trescott and Jeffrey “MossY” Moss.

For those interested in social networking tips and perspectives from people actively engaged in using it, see the video here.

Rite of Passage: the benefit of flight experience, no matter what the airplane…

There’s been lots of controversy lately about the proposed FAA regs requiring 1500 hours and an Airline Transport Pilot certificate to qualify for the right seat of an airliner, versus the current effective 300-hour minimum. Much of the discussion has centered around where those additional flight hours will come from, and whether earning them in light airplanes as a flight instructor, freight, or pleasure pilot qualifies aspiring airline pilots any better than the current 300 hours would with improved training.

Sure, time in type is a big plus, but in my personal opinion the biggest benefit of added flight experience is not the hours themselves, nor the nature of the flying, but rather the value of accumulating command and decision-making experience. Today’s 300-hour airline pilots got there via Part 141 training programs that include literally not a single hour of non-programmed flight. So the typical pleasure pilot with 50 hours under his or her belt following a Private Pilot checkride actually has more true command experience (and the judgment that comes with it) than many straight-out-of-flight-school airline pilots.

Whether it’s through instructing, flying freight, or whatever, I suspect most experienced pilots would agree that dealing with weather, mechanical issues, passengers, etc. makes you a heck of a lot more confident and decisive pilot than someone who has never been in charge. Taking responsibility teaches even relatively inexperienced pilots to assume command and deal with emergencies. Conversely, only pilots who feel in-charge can be expected to take serious initiative to master the challenges and knowledge associated with safety of flight. IMHO, that sense of responsibility comes more from true command experience rather than airplane size.

As for the training part, along with the importance of better mastering relevant safety topics like airframe icing and weather flying, I feel we need to reincorporate autonomy and thereby the development of judgment and confidence back into flight training. I’ve felt that way since writing the following column way back in 1998. Read Rite of Passage: Open Those Cages! here.

©2010 Gregory N. Brown

student pilot benchmark: “you can feel it.”

“HOW DID IT GO?” my wife asked as I dropped my logbook on the dresser in the bedroom.

“Okay, I guess,” I said on my way to preflight the liquor cabinet in the dining room.

“You don’t sound very enthusiastic,” she said as she followed me into the dining room. My wife can be very perceptive.

“It was okay,” I said, draining some of the liquid from one of the containers to check for contaminates and octane rating. It was 80 proof.

“What does your instructor say?” she asked.

“He says I do okay. But I bet he says that to all the students,” I added with a smile.

“You don’t know yourself how you did?” she asked.

“No, I really don’t. I can’t tell how I’m doing. What’s for dinner?”

My buddy Tom Benenson penned those words for Flying magazine way back in July, 1974. Yes, that was long ago. But read Tom’s marvelous column, “Bench Mark,” and you’ll recognize that you, me, and all pilots-in-training have faced the same challenges since the birth of flight.

flight instructor shortcut: combine your commercial pilot and flight instructor training

If you’re an instrument-rated private pilot planning to become a flight instructor, save time and money by combining your Commercial Pilot and Flight Instructor training (Part 61 only). Here’s how:

1. Combine study for your Commercial Pilot, Flight Instructor, and Advanced Ground Instructor written Knowledge Tests*

Few pilots-in-training realize how similar certain FAA written Knowledge Tests can be. It turns out that you can save yourself a good deal of time and effort by studying for and taking related tests at the same time. 

In particular, the Commercial Pilot-Airplane, Flight Instructor-Airplane, and Advanced Ground Instructor Knowledge Tests are similar enough that all three can easily be prepared for and completed simultaneously*.

Assuming you’re studying for your Commercial pilot certificate and plan to progress through your CFI ratings within the next two years, taking them all at once will save you the effort of restudying the same material down the line. (An additional “Fundamentals of Instruction” Knowledge Test is also required to earn your first CFI or Ground Instructor certificate, but that covers different material so you needn’t necessarily take it with the others.)

2. Train for your Commercial Pilot Practical Test from the right seat

Next, ask your CFI and pilot examiner to allow you to take your commercial pilot training and checkride all from the right seat. (Normally, commercial training is done in the left seat.) That way, upon passing your Commercial you’re already sharp flying from the right seat, and can immediately begin mastering teaching techniques for the Flight Instructor Practical Test. That’ll save you 5+ instructional flight hours that other CFI applicants spend relearning all the commercial maneuvers from the right seat.

3. Combine study for your Instrument Rating, Instrument Flight Instructor, and Instrument Ground Instructor written Knowledge Tests*

The Instrument-Airplane, Flight Instructor-Instrument, and Instrument Ground Instructor Knowledge Tests are also very similar to one another.

PS: Why earn an AGI or other Ground Instructor Certificate?

Most people simply test for the AGI at the same time as taking the CFI written because the writtens are so similar that the certificate is pretty much a “gimme.” You just exchange your passing AGI & FOI test results for the certificate. There are benefits to earning the AGI, however:
– An underappreciated fact is that one need not be a CFI nor even a pilot to qualify for AGI. So you can begin teaching and earning money toward future ratings as soon as passing the AGI and FOI writtens. Ground instruction is also great way to prep for your eventual CFI Practical Test. Ground instructor certificates also lock in your FOI test results, so if two years pass before taking your CFI practical, you need not retake the FOI.
Ground instructors needn’t meet the same recordkeeping requirements as CFIs. Therefore, if teaching larger classes it’s handy not to have to personally record all your students’ Knowledge Test results afterwards.
AGI is required to achieve Gold Seal CFI status.

*NOTES

1. Knowledge Test results are good for two years, so combining test-taking only makes sense if you plan to achieve the next certificate/rating within that period.

2. Many pilots will find they can pass the named multiple Knowledge Tests in short order without further study. If in doubt, however, run through some Test Questions for the additional tests to build confidence and determine if further study is justified. For example, following study for the Instrument Pilot Knowledge Test, sample some test questions for the Instrument Flight Instructor Knowledge Test.

DOWNLOAD ASA’s free COMBINED COMMERCIAL & FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SYLLABUS, by Arlynn McMahon

 

©2013, 2022 Gregory N. Brown


For more guidance on this topic, download Greg’s The Savvy Flight Instructor 2nd Edition ebook.


avoiding airsickness in your cockpit

I recently heard from a pilot requesting suggestions for minimizing airsickness. Among the non-drug tricks I’ve learned for combating nausea in the cockpit:

1. Fly inexperienced, nervous, and nausea-prone passengers only under smooth conditions — if this means going earlier or later in the day, or even postponing the flight, so be it.

2. Keep your cockpit temperature cool. (Again, this may mean flying early or late in the day.) I counsel my passengers before takeoff to tell me immediately if they feel warm. If that happens I open all the vents and have them remove any outerwear. Don’t hesitate to slow down and open a window if necessary to keep passengers cool.

3. In summertime always carry ice water in your cockpit; a touch to the face with a cold bottle or a few sips will help keep you and your passengers from overheating. (I use water bottles half-filled and frozen and then topped off with water, in a small cooler.) Helps a lot in high temperatures.

4. When possible, point out anticipated bumps ahead of time (like under windy conditions, downwind of ridges, flying low over barren or paved terrain in summertime, in the vicinity of cumulus clouds, etc.). When passengers know turbulence is coming and see that you can predict it, they are less bothered by it.

5. Keep your feet firmly on the rudder pedals during turbulence to counteract yaw. Since the center of gravity in most light aircraft is near the front seats, yaw in turbulence is generally far worse in the back seat. So in addition to serving as a human yaw damper, put your least-experienced or most nervous passenger in the front seat.

6. During the preflight briefing say something like, “you’re not likely to get sick on this flight, but on the rare chance you do get uncomfortable, there are sick sacks located here… Keep in mind that there is nothing embarrassing about using a sick sack if you need it. It’s not using one that’s embarrassing!” Say it with a nonchalant smile on your face, but say it!

7. Most importantly, if a passenger does get sick, do not get distracted from flying the airplane! Your passengers’ safety is more important than their comfort! (For a story about the hazards of this, see “Bowling Alley Hot Dogs” in my book, Flying Carpet.)

8. Many pilot friends report good results with ginger chews to relieve/prevent nausea. Chew one 20 minutes before takeoff and about every 20 minutes during flight. I keep them in the airplane at all times. If all else fails, have your passengers see their pharmacist or doctor for one of the very effective oral and skin-patch over-the-counter anti-motion-sickness meds. (Most if not all of these are NOT FAA-approved for pilots, so be sure to check in advance if relevant.)

9. Sinus and ear congestion can cause vertigo, so flyers and passengers suffering such symptoms should appropriately pre-medicate to relieve symptoms before flying. (Pilots within FAA guidelines, of course.)

Finally, I’d like to offer encouragement that if airsickness plagues you as a new pilot, be patient. Your “air legs” will rapidly improve the longer you fly. Almost no one is entirely immune to occasional discomfort if it’s hot and bumpy enough, but as pilot and passenger experience grows such discomfort grows exceedingly rare. Again, the trick is to keep your temperature down.

For more on avoiding airsickness in the cockpit, read my March, 2004, column, Thirty Queasy Minutes. For the lighter side, see my August, 2008 column, Zack Flies.

©2010, 2016, 2021 Gregory N. Brown

what is a perfect landing, anyway?

Nearly all student pilots are significantly challenged trying to master landings (as are many licensed pilots, too).

What exactly are these frustrating “perfect landings” we’re shooting for, anyway? Must every touchdown be glassy smooth?

Keep in mind that even the most experienced pilots show a good deal of variability in their landings based on conditions, fatigue, distractions, etc. (Just ask my wife how often I bounce the Flying Carpet. Then again, please don’t!)

What you’re actually striving for to get soloed is not so much consistently “perfect” landings, but rather, consistently “controlled and safe” landings. So if you balloon on a given landing and correct, or drift to one side and correct, or choose to go around from a bad approach and then make a good one, and each results in a safe and controlled landing, that is actually a worthy performance.

Sure, all pilots must shoot for “Attaboy!” perfection on landing, but we cannot plan on achieving “greasers” every time. What we must accomplish, however, is a safe and controlled landing every time. Sounds much more achievable, doesn’t it? That is what we are striving for, and you can do it!

For specific landing tips, see my posts, make better landings and master crosswind landings. ©2010 Gregory N. Brown